LexisNexis
LexisNexis
  To order or for current pricing go to:
http://www.lexisnexis.com/bookstore or call 1-800-223-1940
or Click here to purchase or for more information
 
Elder Law: Readings, Cases, and Materials, Third Edition, 2007
A. Kimberley Dayton, Professor of Law, William Mitchell College of Law
Molly M. Wood, Esq., Stevens & Brand, LLP, Lawrence, KS
Julia Belian, Visiting Associate Professor of Law, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Law
Regular Price: $108.00
Publisher: LexisNexis
ISBN: 9781422407943
  ©2007
 

Description

As people age, they often face a bewildering array of legal issues, ranging from age discrimination to retirement planning, and elder abuse to assisted suicide. Elder Law: Readings, Cases, and Materials is designed to serve as the main textbook for courses and seminars on the intersection of law and aging. Thoroughly updated with new cases, COLA amounts, and URLs, the Third Edition of >b>Elder Law includes new materials on kinship care giving, grandparent rights, and a lawyer’s duty to incompetent third parties. The authors have also expanded the coverage of SSI. New materials include the Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drug Act of 2003, an update on Social Security reform, expanded coverage of reverse mortgages and subsidized housing for the elderly, and recent tax legislation.

Elder Law is also accompanied by a documentary supplement, Elder Law: Statutes and Regulations. This companion volume contains selected federal and state statutes, uniform acts, federal regulations, the viatical settlements model regulation, and miscellaneous provisions.

View Preface and Table of Contents


Table of contents

Dedications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Chapter 1: AGING IN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

A. Aging in America: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

B. Interdisciplinary Aspects of Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

C. Social Policy and Aging: Selected Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1. Crime and Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2. Mobility, Transportation, and Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3. Ethical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

D. The Practice of Elder Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chapter 2: SPECIAL ETHICAL PROBLEMS WHEN REPRESENTING THE ELDERLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

A. Joint or Multiple Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1. The Spouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2. Adult Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3. Caregivers and Other Unrelated Third Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

B. The Disabled Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
1. Evaluating Client Competence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2. Model Rules of Professional Conduct 1.14 Client with Diminished Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3. Section 35 of The Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4. Taking Protective Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5. Withdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

C. Lawyer’s Duty to Impaired Third Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

Chapter 3: DISCRIMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

B. Age Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
1. Federal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2. State Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

C. Disability Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
1. Federal Law: The Americans with Disabilities Act . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2. State Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Chapter 4: PLANNING FOR RETIREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

A. Government Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
1. Old Age, Survivor’s, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) . . . . . . . . 208
a. Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
b. Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
c. Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
d. Retirement Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
e. Alienation of Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
f. Spousal and Survivor Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
g. The Future of Social Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
2. Supplemental Security Income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
3. Veterans Compensation and Pension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
a. Eligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
b. Dependent Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

B. Employer-Based Pension Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
1. A Brief History of Pensions and Pension Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . 242
2. Types of Pension Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
3. The Changing Balance Between Defined-Benefit and Defined-Contribution Plans . . . . . . . . . 256
4. Protection of Pension Investments: The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
5. The Taxation of Pension Investments When Made . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6. Pension Distributions: Mechanics and Taxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
a. The Basic Distinction Between Annuity Distributions and Lump-Sum Distributions . . . . 261
b. Penalties for Early Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
c. Penalties for Delayed Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
d. Rollovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
C. Private Savings: The Individual Retirement Account . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
1. Traditional IRAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
2. Roth IRAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
3. Distributions, Rollovers, and Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
a. Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
b. Rollovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
c. Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Chapter 5: PROPERTY MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

A. Durable Powers of Attorney for Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
1. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
2. Preparing the Power: The Use of Statutory Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
3. Capacity to Execute or Revoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
4. Formalities of Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5. Taking Effect: The Special Case of the Springing Power . . . . . . . . 289
6. Scope of the Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
7. Gift-giving: APotential Tax Trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
8. Durable Powers and Ademption by Extinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
9. Lawyers as Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

B. Joint Ownership and Financial Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
1. Joint Ownership generally: Forms and Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
2. Joint Bank Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
a. Rights During Lifetime: Theory Versus Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
b. Rights at Death: Presumption and Their Rebuttal . . . . . . . . . . 309
c. The Reach of Third Parties: Creditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
d. The Reach of Third Parties: Gift Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
e. The Reach of Third Parties: Estate Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
f. Joint Accounts: An Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
3. Alternatives to Joint Accounts: Agency Accounts and P.O.D. Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

C. Trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
1. Parties to the Trust Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
2. Trust Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
3. Revocability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
4. The Tax Treatment of Revocable Trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
5. Revocable Trusts and the Reach of Creditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
a. During the Settlor’s Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
b. After the Settlor’s Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
6. Revocable Trusts and Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
a. Using Revocable Trusts to Shield Assets During the Lifetime of the Medicaid Recipient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
b. Governmental Claims on the Assets of the Medicaid Recipient After the Recipient’s Death: The Case of Assets in a Revocable Trust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
7. The Revocable Trust as an Alternative to Guardianship . . . . . . . 334
8. The Revocable Trust as an Alternative to the Durable Power of Attorney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
9. The Revocable Trust as a Will Substitute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
10. Custodial Trusts and the Uniform Custodial Trust Act . . . . . . . . 338

D. A Word About Estate Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Chapter 6: GUARDIANSHIP AND CONSERVATORSHIP . . . . . . . 345

A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
2. Statistics on Guardianship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
3. The Standard of Incapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

B. Guardianship Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
1. The Process of Petitioning for Guardianship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
a. Background on U.P.C. Article V and on the U.G.P.P.A. . . . . . . . 353
b. The Procedures for Petitioning for Guardianship Under Article V of the 1990 U.P.C. and Under the 1997 U.G.P.P.A. . . . 355
2. The Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) . . . . . . . . . . . 356
3. The Guardian’s Powers and Duties: The Statutory Language . . . 359
4. The Guardian’s Powers and Duties: The Standard of Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
5. The Guardian’s Powers and Duties: The Rise of Limited Guardianship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
6. The Guardian’s Powers and Duties: Monitoring by the Court . . . 363
7. Terminating the Guardian(ship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

C. Ethical Issues: Who Is the Client? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

Chapter 7: ELDER ABUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

A. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
1. What is “Elder Abuse”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
2. Signs, Symptoms, and Causes of Elder Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
3. Institutional Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
4. Noninstitutional Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
a. Physical, Sexual, and Emotional Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
b. Financial Abuse: Consumer Fraud Against the Elderly . . . . . . 404
c. Self-Neglect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

B. Federal Responses to Elder Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
1. The Older Americans Act of 1965 and its Subsequent Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
2. “A Decade of Shame and Inaction”: 1978-1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
3. The Older Americans Act Amendments of 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
4. The Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
5. The Older Americans Act Amendments of 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

C. State Responses to Elder Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
1. Adult Protective Services–Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
2. Mandatory Reporting; Liability for Failure to Report . . . . . . . . . . 430

D. Remedies Against Abusers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
2. Caregiver Liability Outside the Institutional Context . . . . . . . . . 439
3. Penalty/Damages Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Chapter 8: HEALTH CARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

A. The U.S. Health-Care System: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

B. Managing and Paying for Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
1. Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
a. Traditional Fee-for-Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
b. Medicare Managed Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

2. Supplemental Health Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
a. “Medigap” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
b. Medicare Prescription Drug Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
c. Long-Term Care Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

3. Medicaid and Long-Term Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
a. Assistance for Low-Income Seniors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
b. Nursing Facility Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
c. Estate Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Chapter 9: HOUSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

A. Home Ownership and “Aging in Place” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

B. The Elderly Tenant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
1. Protection from Discrimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
2. Rental Subsidies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
3. Legal Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

C. Housing with Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
1. Assisted Living . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
2. Board and Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
3. Continuing Care Retirement Communities (CCRC) . . . . . . . . . . . 530

D. Nursing Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
1. Nursing Home Residents’ Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
a. Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532
b. Other Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
2. Involuntary Transfer and Discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556

Chapter 10: ISSUES FOR GRANDPARENTS: KINSHIP CARE, CUSTODY AND VISITATION, AND RELATED MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

A. Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564

B. Custodial Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

C. Financial Assistance and Public Benefits for Kinship Caregivers . . . 579
1. Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
2. The National Family Caregiver Support Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

D. Grandparent Visitation and Related “Rights” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596

Chapter 11: END OF LIFE ISSUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609

A. Senior Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
2. Regulatory Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615

B. The Right to Die and Health Care Decisionmaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
1. Introduction: Constitutional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
2. Statutory Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
3. Surrogacy Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
4. Physician Assisted Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
5. Palliative and Hospice Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

C. Anatomical Donations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
2. The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
a. Counseling the Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
b. Problems of Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
3. The National Organ Transplant Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
a. Allocation of Donated Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
b. Problems of Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722

4. Defining Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

To order or for current pricing go to:
http://www.lexisnexis.com/bookstore or call 1-800-223-1940
or Click here to purchase or for more information
   
  Price subject to change. Shipping, handling, and sales tax will be added where applicable. LexisNexis, the Knowledge Burst logo, and lexis.com are registered trademarks of Reed Elsevier Properties Inc., used under license. Matthew Bender is a registered trademark of Matthew Bender properties Inc. Other products or services may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Copyright 2008 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of these materials including graphics or logos, may be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without specific written permission of LexisNexis. Distribution for commercial purposes is prohibited.
   
Copyright © 2008 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.